Munich Agreement who was the winner Chamberlain or Hitler

Munich Agreement Assignment Who won at Munich, Hitler or Chamberlain? Neville Chamberlain was a realist, he had inherited a policy of appeasement Lord Halifax memoir) from his predecessor Baldwin. His prime motive during his diplomatic meetings with Adolf Hitler was to prevent Britain becoming entangled in a war that she was ill equipped to wage. This he successfully achieved and by defusing a situation through statesmanship he bought valuable time to allow the British forces to re-arm. On becoming Prime Minister in May 1937, Chamberlain’s government was still recovering from the depression. To add to this the empire was being threatened in the east by Japan, and there were many of her Members intent on the path of self†¦show more content†¦The French had signed an agreement with Czechoslovakia to support her in the event of hostilities in 1924, (Franco Czech Treaty).but Prime Minister Daladier visited London in April 28th 1938, although stating publically that â€Å"he had wanted a firm stand from Chamberlain over their support to the Czech government, but had actually been dissuaded by logistic pessimism!† However the day before, privately he had told an agent of the German embassy he hoped the British† would suggest pressure be put on Prague† allowing him to acquiesce. (Butler ra1971p68). Chamberlain had stated in a letter to king George vi (13th September 1938) an agreement was reached with the French supporting a policy of appeasement allowing Hitler to gain control of his Sudeten people. Also in his letter he stated without much detail his understanding that â€Å"Hitler had made his mind up to attack Czechoslovakia and head east, in such a timeframe that it would not be possible for Anglo French intervention†. The British Ambassador to Berlin, Sir Neville Henderson, referred to the Czechoslovakian President, Eduard Benes, as â€Å"pigheaded† and claimed he could become the reason for a second world war. Henderson writing to Lord Halifax from the British embassy in Berlin statedShow MoreRelatedWhy Did Britain and France Accept to the Munich Agreement?2221 Words   |  9 PagesWhy did Britain and France accept to the Munich Agreement? On 29 September 1938, the four leaders of Germany, Italy, Britain and France signed an agreement on the fate of the Sudeten territory in Czechoslovakia, without the Czechoslovak authorities present, which, it would seem at the time, was a guarantee of peace. Such was the premise of the event, but in reality it represented the abandonment of Czechoslovakia (Weinberg, 1988: 165), by France in particular, and the naà ¯ve nature of the foreignRead More Causes of World War II Essay2009 Words   |  9 PagesPacific and thereby launched a program of expansion. But Japan was angered by the peacemakers failure to endorse the principle of the equality of all races. The countries that lost World War I--Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey--were especially dissatisfied with the Peace of Paris. They were stripped of territory, arms and were required to make reparations (payments for war damages). The Treaty of Versailles, which was signed with Germany, punished Germany severely. The GermanRead MoreEvents Leading Up To World War 22067 Words   |  9 PagesPacific and thereby launched a program of expansion. But Japan was angered by the peacemakers failure to endorse the principle of the equality of all races. The countries that lost World War I--Germany, Austria, Hungary, Bulgaria, and Turkey--were especially dissatisfied with the Peace of Paris. They were stripped of territory, arms and were required to make reparations (payments for war damages). The Treaty of Versailles, which was signed with Germany, punished Germany severely. The German governmentRead More Appeasement Essay4194 Words   |  17 Pagesfuture war, through whatever means necessary. In the aftermath of World War 1, lay a mutual understanding between the British government and society that never again should a catastrophe such as World War 1 occur, it was described as the war to end all wars reinforcing the view that it was a cataclysmic event which should never be re-enacted upon society. British public became disillusioned with the use of force in international relations and as a result sought an approach consisting of an effectiveRead MoreThe Second World War2302 Words   |  10 PagesSecond World War World War II was one of the greatest struggles humanity has ever seen. This Second World War caused many lives to be lost, damaged personal properties and was expensive, for a great deal of money was required to maintain a country’s military strength. The numbers for those that have passed, been wounded or gone missing during the war could never be calculated precisely; though it has been estimated that more than 55 million lives perished. Many historians have traced the causes ofRead MoreHitler : Man Of Year1762 Words   |  8 PagesHitler: Man of Year, 1938 Francisco Franco, Benito Mussolini, Mao Zedong, Adolf Hitler: these four men are still considered some of the most ruthless dictators of the 20th century. Together they accounted for millions of deaths during their terrible reigns as supreme leader in their respective countries. However, one in this group stands apart from the rest. Only one of these men was named Time Magazine Man of the Year. This very man would be the one and only Adolf Hitler. On January 2, 1939, AdolfRead MoreToday, The Appeasement Policy That Britain And France In1741 Words   |  7 Pagesperiod of German aggression, was one of the main factors historians would consider to have caused the Second World War. Had the British or any of the Allied powers, intervened in Nazi expansionism, the war could have been prevented as early as 1936, when Germany violated the Treaty of Versailles with the occupation of the Rhineland. The Appeasement is seen as the act of cowardice and of poor judgement of the world powers. Br itain, in particular, is in the spotlight. It was still considered the majorRead MoreWorld War I Was A Great Problem1862 Words   |  8 Pagesroad to recovery hard to navigate. The interwar period was unstable and a number of events and circumstances arguably made the Second World War inevitable. Marshal Ferdinand Foch described the interwar years as â€Å"not a peace† but â€Å"an armistice for twenty years† (Paul Reynolds: Memoires: 1963: p.457). The breakdown of economics, the failure of post-war treaties and the rise of Hitler are all events that meant that the outbreak of World War II was almost unpreventable and the interwar years were simply

Essay about Mathildes Life of Unhappiness in The Necklace

In Guy De Maupassant?s ?The Necklace,? Mathilde Loisel is a young woman who dreams of wealth and of being envied by other women. Mathilde always wants more than what she has, and refuses to adjust to her middle class status which causes her to never achieve the happiness she seeks. At the beginning, Mathilde?s discontentment with her simple life causes her to have unrealistic dreams of wealth. She fantasizes of unattainable riches which causes her to view her life as being drab and dull. Maupassant conveys this in several different ways throughout the first paragraph. For example, ?Born, as if by an error of destiny, into a family of clerks and copyists. She had no dowry, no prospects, no way of getting know.? Given that she had no†¦show more content†¦She spends her life daydreaming about things she can not have, and this causes her to be miserable and tormented within herself. When the Loisels receive the dinner invitation, to the Ministry of Education Mathilde pouts. Her husband feels uneasiness when she manipulates him into buying her an expensive party dress. Instead of being delighted that her husband worked diligently to have the couple invited to a special occasion, she just throws the invitation on the table saying ?What do you expect me to do with this He does not understand her and can not sympathize with her unhappiness. Maupassant describes this when he states, ?He stopped, amazed and bewildered, as his wife began to cry. Large tears fell slowly from the corners of her eyes to her mouth.? He tries to persuade her to wear her theater dress to the special occasion. As an alternative he offers to buy her a new dress with the money that he has saved to buy a shotgun. Wearing her new dress, she proves to be a success at the ball by exhibiting self-confidence. Maupassant proves this by stating, She danced joyfully, passionately, intoxicated with pleasure, thinking of nothing but the moment, in the triumph of her beauty, in the glory of her success, on cloud nine with happiness made up of all the admiration, of all the aroused desire, of this victory so complete and so sweet to the heart of any women (Maupassant 8). Her self-confidence proves she has theShow MoreRelated Theme Analysis of Maupassants The Necklace Essay722 Words   |  3 Pages Guy De Maupassants short story The Necklace remarkably demonstrates how misfortune can lead to self improvement through the character Mathilde Loisel. Madame Mathilde was one of those beautiful and delightful young ladies with not very many high expectations, achievements, and no way to be accepted into the elaborate society and lifestyle in which she finds herself daydreaming about day and night. In Guy De Mauspassants `The Necklace, the author examines the theme of how learning a difficultRead More Necklace Assessment Essay1006 Words   |  5 PagesNecklace Assessment The story begins by showing the reader the main character, Mathilde Losiel. The narrator tells the reader about Mathildes thought towards her life. The character seems unhappy because she thinks that by some error she was born lower in the hierarchy, than she was made for. You are drawn into the story when you see the differences between her supposed life and the life she is living. You feel that she might get to live her supposed life when the story progresses. YouRead MoreMaupassant’s The Necklace Essay1606 Words   |  7 Pageslived the life of a painfully distressed woman, who always believed herself worthy of living in the upper class. Although Mathilde was born into the average middle class family, she spent her time daydreaming of her destiny for more in life... especially when it came to her financial status. Guy de Maupassant’s short story, â€Å"The Necklace†, tells a tale of a vain, narcissistic housewife who longed for the aristocratic lifestyle that she believed she was creditable for. In describing Mathilde’s self-servingRead MoreThe Necklace by Guy de Maupassant1034 Words   |  5 Pagesâ€Å"The Necklace.† Guy de Maupassant, a French writer, born in 1850, was considered one of France’s greatest short-story writers. His writings were mostly influenced by the divorce of his parents when he was thirteen years old and by great write rs such as Shakespeare, Schopenhauer, and Flauber. His parent’s divorce caused his stories to depict unhappiness of matrimony, deceit, miscommunication, and a profound misunderstanding (Maupassant, Guy de, 1850-1893). In the short-story â€Å"The Necklace,† MadameRead MoreWhat Is The Theme Of The Necklace By Guy De Maupassant1028 Words   |  5 Pages The Necklace†, by Guy de Maupassant First published in French in 1884, is a fabulous short story about unhappiness and being true to yourself. The story is about a woman, named Mathilide Loisel, who was a â€Å"prima donna† of sorts. However she could not have certain things that cost too much because she did not have the money to buy the items she longed for. One night her husband brought home an invitation to a ball but she was not happy about this because she did not have a dress good enough to attendRead MoreFemale Repression of the 19th Century as Seen Thru the Two Stories: the Necklace and the Story of an Hour652 Words   |  3 Pagesbeen treated as the lesser entity, having no sense of self-being or worth. These feelings led women to feel repressed in their everyday life. It was in the late nineteenth century when literary writers started to expose this female repression. Guy de Maupassant and Kate Chopin clearly express definitive examples of female repression i n their stories, The Necklace and The Story of an Hour. During this time period, women’s role in society was that of a submissive, powerless position. They often reliedRead MoreThe Story of an Hour and the Necklace Essay2858 Words   |  12 PagesTHE NECKLACE 1 The Story of an Hour amp; The Necklace Cindy Rohwer ENG 125 Douglas Goss September 8, 2012 THE STORY OF AN HOUR amp; THE NECKLACE Read MoreThe Unfortunate Woman in The Necklace by Guy Maupassant464 Words   |  2 Pagesprevious unhappy marriage, and he was cruel to women in his life and in fiction. This led him to writing â€Å"The Necklace†. â€Å"The Necklace† is about a woman who wants more beauty and she loses a necklace, which changes her physical appearance, and makes her life catastrophic. Guy Maupassant develops the theme that you should should be grateful what you have through the use of irony, foreshadowing, and mood. First, irony has a main role in â€Å"The Necklace†.â€Å"Oh, my poor Mathilde. But mine was only paste. Why

Lecture Notes on Central London Property Trust Ltd- Free Sample

Question: Discuss about the Central London Property Trust Ltd. Answer: Introdcution: The High Trees case, or the case of Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd[1], is considered as a landmark case in the decisions taken under the English contract law. This particular case has not only reaffirmed, but also extended the doctrine of promissory estoppel in the England and Wales contract law. In this particular case, Denning J defined what could be deemed as estoppel. He held that estoppel was a promise which was made, with intent of forming lawful association, and along with this, which was known or in the knowledge Management of the individual who was making the particular promise. Further, this promise was going to be acted upon by the individual to which such a promise was made, and in reality too, the individual acted upon the same[2]. The significance of this particular case with regards to the concept and rules of estoppel have been highlighted through the following parts of this essay. Estoppel is the collective term which is used to define the legal doctrine in the legal system of the common law. As per this concept, an individual is restricted, prevented or prohibited from making such an assertion, which proves as being contradictory to their previous position on the matters which have been presented before the court of law. Due to the restrictions which have been placed on an individual, as a result of this principle, the individual is said to have been estopped[3]. Promissory estoppel is one of the doctrines under the concept of estoppel, as per which, an individual is stopped from withdrawing a promise which has been made by such an individual to another party, where this other party has made a clear reliance on the particular promise. Generally, a promise in the absence of consideration is deemed as unenforceable and the same is known as a gratuitous or bare promise[4]. Hence, when a salesman of a car makes a promise to the potential buyer that he would not sell a particularly identified car over the next five days, and still continues to do the same, the promise cannot be enforced. However, if even a single penny is accepted by such salesman of car from the potential buyer for the promise made, the same would become enforceable by a court of law, through the potential buyer. Through estoppel, the purview of the courts is increased to even such cases, where there is an absence of consideration, even though in general it is not a base of initi ating a litigation claim Management. The doctrine of promissory estoppel was born in the case of Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co[6]. In this particular case, a landlord have given a notice of six months to his tenant for carrying out the repairs and a failure in doing so would have resulted in the lease being forfeited. Negotiations were carried on between the tenant and the landlord regarding the tenant purchasing the freehold of the landlord owned property. Both of the parties thought that a conveyance of the property would be undertaken. The tenant did not carry out any kind of repairs as he believed that he would be buying the freehold of the property, which would render the repairs required by the landlord as not necessary for his usage of property. Though, at the last moment, there was a break in the negotiations and a notice was given by the landlord to the tenant for quitting as the tenant had failed in carrying out the requisite repairs asked by the landlord[7]. The House of Lords, in this particular case held that the time limit which had been imposed over the tenant for carrying out the repairs was suspended when the negotiations took place. As per Lord Cairns CJ, this was the initial principle on which the Court of Equity would proceed. This would have been very clear notion that the time period was suspended when the terms were still being discussed and hence, they could not be used as a base for evicting the tenant. The verdict given in this particular case gave birth to the principle of promissory estoppel. However, this decision was lost with time. A resurrection of this decision was made by Denning J in the matter of Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd, which proved out to be quite a controversial case[8]. In the case of Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd, the defendant, i.e., High Trees had leased a block of flats from the plaintiff, i.e., Central London Property Trust Ltd., or CLP, at a ground rent of 2,500[9]. At the time the lease was taken, this block of flats was still new and had been brought out in the year of 1937. As difficulties were being faced by the defendant in attaining tenants for all of the flats in the block, the defendant could not make any profits, as it still had to bear the ground rent, payable to CLP. When due to the prevailing condition of the war, a number of flats remained vacant in 1940 it seemed to the defendant that the situation would never become positive. And hence, both the plaintiff and the defendant entered into an agreement to reduce the value of rent to 50%, which made the rent 1,250, instead of 2,500, during the years of war. From 1941, the defendant paid the reduced rent to the plaintiff after the agreement was put in writin g[10]. Once the war conditions were over in 1945, and the flats become completely occupied, the plaintiff applied for returning to the originally agreed upon ground rent of 2,500, along with claiming the full rental costs from the year of June 1945 onwards[11]. Denning J, making an inference to the previous case of Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co, stated that the full rent would be payable from the time when the flats became fully occupied, i.e., from the mid of 1945[12]. Though, Denning J made an obiter statement in this case, whereby he stated that in case CLP made an attempt to claim the full rent from the year of 1940 onwards, they would be unsuccessful in doing the same. The raison dtre behind this stems from the fact that in case a party makes the other party into believing or forming the view that the strict legal rights available to such party, would not be enforced by the first party, the Courts would stop the first party from carrying out the same at a later period of time or at a later stage. As this particular view was given under the obiter dicta, the remarks fail to have an actually binding precedent, and still, these are considered as crucial with regards to the creation of the doctrine of promissory estoppel[13]. When the case was presented before Denning J. in the court of law, he became aware about the equitable principle of promissory estoppel. Hence, he advocated this rule as it would have been grossly unfair on part of the plaintiff to apply for arrears on the grounds of equity, only to part ways from the promise that the curt interested the same as being serious as it was brought to action in form of a claim. The raison dtre behind taking this positing by Denning J stems from the contract agreement entered between High Trees and CLP which had major promissory wordings and actions, which were implemented in reality. This is the reason why Denning J faulted CLP from taking an advantage of the defendants right as being the promisee. Denning J supported the doctrine of promissory estoppel as per which both the defendant and the plaintiff were bound. Hence, he made the later on drawn promise as binding, even in absence of consideration. Moreover, Denning J held that this particular agreement was important in itself and so, the plaintiff had to be stopped from going back on his promise. It was even held that CLP wanted to use the law as being its sword, instead of a shield. And Denning J knew that even when a promise is made by an individual to not enforce the legal rights available to them, and yet the agreement is given effect to, an order can still be made by the court for this particular agreement to be properly honored, without having any regards to the issue of consideration[14]. In this case, the effects of promissory estoppel over the need for consideration in the particular contract was based on the promise of CLP regarding the rent to be reduced by their tenant High Trees and the same was acted upon by the parties. Hence, CLP had to be prohibited from going back on their promise. This is due to the reason that when the argument was made by them, that they had not specified the duration of the reduced rent and that they were merely trying to bring forward a new dimension to the collection of the outstanding rent[15]. It was held by Denning J that all promises are not required to be expressed in a verbal manner and that the actions are also counted as being promises, as was established in the case of Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co. It has to be established by the promisee that by revoking the promise, they would be placed in a detrimental position, in comparison to such situation where they had not entered into the contractual agreement earlier. And merely showing the individual has abandoned the promise is not enough[16]. The significant part which acts as the proof is that the promisee is completely unsuccessful in going back to the originally drawn initial contract through the outright abandoning of the position. So, in case it is possible for the promisee to go back to the position of the originally drawn initial contract, by providing a notice in a timely manner, then the interpretation becomes legal, as long as there are not other chances in the future of backtracking, as was held in Centr al London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd[17]. A last promise was made by Denning J, through which the promissory estoppel would become enforceable. On the side of the promisee, the fact that the agreement looked as being a reliable one could not be considered as being presence of equity. There will be a presence of inequity when the new terms, which did not form a part of the initially drawn contract, were introduced into the present agreement. However, the inequity would be deemed to have been interpreted in a correct manner, when the same was used in the agreement to attain favor through deception, as was highlighted in the legal matter of D C Builders Ltd v Rees[18]. Hence, the present principle of the promissory estoppel was laughed at by Denning J in the High Trees case, with a specific reference to the doctrine of consideration. In this matter, the consideration was on the legal stance of the promisee. And in the views of Denning J, a serious promise was made by the defendant, which required to be enforced through a judicial order. Broadly, the implications of this principle do not give rise to a cause of particular action and even does not provide the rights to sue to the promisee. Though, through the use of this doctrine, a promisor can be prohibited from denying the applicability of the previously drawn contract and the rights associated with it to the promisee. In other words, this doctrine protects, but fails to provide an action[19]. Moreover, the applicability of this doctrine is only present in such cases where a previous contract, having proper legal backing, is present and that this previously drawn contract had provision for consideration. With regards to the question on the need of consideration, the consequences of promissory estoppel, applied in this case, prove helpful, and have to be applied in addition to the effect on promisor. In such situations, the promisor does not have the right of taking a step back over the action of the agreement, as per their own convenience, even in case where the requirement for giving the notice have been made, as was held in Emmanuel Ayodeji Ajayi v RT Briscoe (Nigeria) Ltd[20]. The raison d'tre for requiring a consideration in the contract is due to the need of protecting the debtor or an individual in similar position, from any unfairness. But this particular doctrine only suspends the legal privileges of the promissory and does not take them away completely, as was seen in the case of Tool Metal Manufacturing v Tungsten[21]. Once a valid consideration has been made, and it is deduced that the following conditions or the steps are not attainable, the best which can be done through this principle is the extinguishment of rights. However, in the view of Denning J, these rights have been taken out for the betterment only and it remains irrespective if the agreement is revitalized. For an action to be successfully made under the High Trees case, the same has to be preceded by a promissory estoppel[22]. Another issue in this was the Denning K supported in a strong manner on the promise which was made earlier, and disregarded the circumstances, which were in ter ms of the prevalent war, which ultimately led to the new contract being drawn[23]. To conclude this entire discussion, the doctrine of promissory estoppel depicts the reasons why a consideration is needed in the contract, and this is in terms of strengthening the legal position of the individual who is the receipt of a promise made by the promisor. It also estops an individual from going back on the promise which has been made and suspends the legal rights of the promisor in this regard. So, in case a promise is made between two parties, which are likely to have a lawfully binding implication amid them, then the promising party should be aware that such an agreement would have to be implemented by the promisor. In the High Trees case, the defendant had claimed the amount which had been promised by under the original contract, when the conditions improved after the war was over. The decision was given in the favor of CLP and the court ordered both the parties to go back to the original contractual consideration. However, the obiter dicta given in this case by Denning J made it famous. This statement of Denning J, estopped CLP from claiming the amount of the period from where the second contract was drawn, till the time the conditions of war subsided. This was due to the doctrine of promissory estoppel, which was revitalized in this case, after being originally formed in the case of Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co. And even though, due to the reasons of being obiter dicta of the High Tress case, this notion cannot be used as a precedent, but it continues to provide guidance in the cases of promissory estoppel. Bibliography Blum, BA, Contracts: Examples Explanations Management (Aspen Publishers Online, 4th ed, 2007) Helewitz, JA, Basic Contract Law for Paralegals (Aspen Publishers Online, 5th ed, 2007) Marson, J, and Ferris, K, Business Law Concentrate: Law Revision and Study Guide (Oxford University Press, 3rd ed, 2016) McKendrick, E, Contract Law: Text, Cases, and Materials (Oxford University Press, 6th ed, 2014) Mulcahy, L, Contract Law in Perspective (Routledge, 5th ed, 2008) Neyers, JW, Bronaugh, R, and Pitel, SGA, Exploring Contract Law (Bloomsbury Publishing, 2009) Poole, J, Casebook on Contract Law (Oxford University Press, 13th ed, 2016) Rush, J, and Ottley, M, Business Law (Cengage Learning EMEA, 2006) Stone, R, and Devenney, J, Text, Cases and Materials on Contract Law (Routledge, 3rd ed, 2014) Sutton, K, A Denning Come to Judgment: Recent Judicial Adventures in the Law of Contract (1989) 15(2) The University of Queensland Law Journal. Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1947] KB 130 D C Builders Ltd v Rees [1965] EWCA Civ 3 Emmanuel Ayodeji Ajayi v RT Briscoe (Nigeria) Ltd (1964) 1 WLR 1326 Hughes v Metropolitan Railway Co [1877] UKHL 1, [1877] 2 AC 439 Tool Metal Manufacturing v Tungsten [1955] 1 WLR 761 Australian Contract Law, Central London Property v High Trees [1947] KB 130; [1956] 1 All ER 256; 62 TLR 557; [1947] LJR 77; 175 LT 333 (2010) https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/cases/centrallondon.html British and Irish Legal Information Institute, Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd [1946] EWHC KB 1 (18 July 1946) (2017) https://www.bailii.org/cgi-bin/format.cgi?doc=/ew/cases/EWHC/KB/1946/1.htmlquery=(Central)+AND+(London)+AND+(Property)+AND+(Trust)+AND+(Ltd) E-Law Resources, Central London Property Trust v High Trees House [1947] KB 130 High Court (2017) https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Central-London-Property-Trust-v-High-Trees-House.php E-Law Resources, Hughes v Metropolitan Railway (1876-77) LR 2 App Cas 439 House of Lords (2017) https://www.e-lawresources.co.uk/Hughes-v-Metropolitan-Railway.php H2O, 4.5.7.1 Central London Property Trust, Ltd. v. High Trees House, Ltd. (2014) https://h2o.law.harvard.edu/collages/2154 Pearce QC R, A Promise is a Promise (2010) https://www.radcliffechambers.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/07/A_promise_is_a_promise.pdf Swarb, Central London Property Trust Ltd v High Trees House Ltd: KBD 1947 (2016) https://swarb.co.uk/central-london-property-trust-ltd-v-high-trees-house-ltd-kbd-1947/sland Law Journal.

Technical report on global warming Essay Example

Technical report on global warming Paper The sole purpose of my study was to determine whether or not global warming was likely to have an adverse effect of the welfare of the peoples of South Africa in particular, and elsewhere in the world where similar conditions prevail. I neither requested nor received any financial or material support for my studies. My report is not copyright as it is my wish that it be disturb etude as widely as possible. The extended summary is available in the form of a MOB PDF file. Repose publishing the full report in book form early next year when there will be more clarity on the international situation. The following is a brief summary of my conclusions. Tests Eng ground Southern Africa provides the ideal testing ground for global climate change studies. It has a wide range of climatic conditions from high rainfall along the eastern escarpment through to desert conditions in the west. It has winter rainfall in the south through to summer rainfall over most of the country. There is also a wide range of climate-related issues from pragmatic humanitarian concerns of poverty, malnutrition and disease through to idealistic concerns of conserving the natural environment with its rich perversity of habitats and species. The scientific disciplines are divided along similar lines. At one end there is a small but politically influential group of scientists in the fields of climatology and the environmental sciences. They apply abstract process theory based on proxy data to hypothetical problems. At the other end is the very large but politically passive group of civil engineers. They have generations of experience in building structures to withstand the forces of nature, and building and operating dams to provide water for domestic, industrial and agricultural use. We will write a custom essay sample on Technical report on global warming specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Technical report on global warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Technical report on global warming specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Their scientific approach is he application of observation theory based on the wealth of real- world data to the development of projects that will improve the quality of life. Ideally, the solution of this globally important problem should involve a multidisciplinary approach by scientists in both fields of study. This is not happening in South Africa or elsewhere. The situation has deteriorated from consultation to the widening rift of confrontation as climate change scientists disparage all those who hold nonconformist views. There are two additional but fundamentally important reasons why South Africa provides the ideal testing ground for eliminate change theory. The first is that South Africa has a wealth of hydrological and meteorological data with many records exceeding 80 years in length. The second and equally important reason is that South Africa lies within the zone of maximum My technical report-doc 23 November 2005 2 pollard transfer of solar energy. There are unequivocal linkages between regular variations in solar activity and concurrent variations in the meteorological and hydrological processes in South Africa. Principal concerns The principal concerns relevant to the Far ICANN continent are: Humanitarian encores 5 5 5 S 5 Increases in the climatic extremes, (floods and droughts) The spread of malaria to regions that are presently free of the disease Threats to water supplies Threats to agricultural production Loss of habitat and species Environmental concerns All these concerns relate to changes in rainfall in the first instance. Although international attention has concentrated on increases in global temperature, the anticipate d temperature changes are far too small to have a direct, measurable effect on these concerns. Detection of adverse changes Undesirable greenhouse gas emissions increased throughout the last entry. If the consequences are as serious as claimed, they should be readily detectable in the hydrological and meteorological records. I assembled a very large hydroelectrically database consisting of 1 1 ,804 years of data from 183 sites and eight different processes. These are my principal conclusions after a three-year diligent study. The study demonstrated with a very high degree of assurance that the rainfall over South Africa increased progressively by more than 9% during the period of rainfall records from 1922 to 2000. There was no evidence of an increase in droughts. It was rather demonstrated that these increases in rainfall were the result of increases in beneficial, widespread rainfall events that saturate soils, increase river flow, fill storage dams and benefit agriculture. Measured open water surface evaporation losses also increased during this period. This increase in evaporation is beneficial for agriculture but not for water supplies. There was no evidence of increases in damaging floods during the period of record. The floods of the mid-adds remain the highest on record for large regions of South Africa. Claims that global warming will increase variability in the hydrological process and thereby result in an increase in the frequency of floods and droughts, demonstrates a lack of knowledge of the hydrological processes. Evaluation of alarmist scenarios Rainfall will increase, not decrease. Alarmist scenarios rest almost exclusively on global climate model outputs that predict a substantial decrease in rainfall over South Africa in future. Demonstrated that the predictions are seriously in error as an analysis of the data showed a sustained increase in rainfall in the past. This increase is consistent with global temperature increases. The southern African continent projects into three oceans. Increases in global temperature must result in an increase in evaporation from the oceans. This must return to earth as an increase in rainfall. This undermines most of the claims of future adverse consequences arising from global warming. Malaria will not increase The prevalence of malaria on the African continent NT is unrelated to climate and directly related to banning EDT in the asses. Malaria is under control in South Africa as well as in other countries where EDT has since been reintroduced. This banning was the result of pressures by international environmentalists. There is a real fear that equally unjustified measures to control global warming will be enforced on African countries with similar damaging effects on their peoples and economies. Habitat and species will not be endangered There is no evidence of large-scale destruction of habitat or species that could be attributed to global warming. A number of papers and reports have been published that predict dramatic changes in future. These are all based on the unfounded assumption that future climate will be drier than at present. They are also based on faulty science. There is no livable theoretical or observational evidence to support the view that global warming will result in the widespread loss of habitat or species. Other claims Similarly, there is no evidential basis for claims that global warming will result in desertification, transportation of dams and rivers, soil erosion, or threats to agriculture and water supplies. Linkage with solar activity Climate change scientists continue to deny that there is a linkage between variations in solar activity and concurrent variations in the climatic responses. The concurrent linkages between famines in India and sunspot numbers in he asses were widely reported at the time. The anomalous grouping of sequences of years with above and below average conditions is well reported in the international hydrological literature. Climate change scientists, who rely on process theory, continue to maintain that variations in solar activity are too small to account for the observed, concurrent climatic variations. As I show in my studies, the regular variations in solar activity result in statistically significant (95%) corresponding changes in rainfall, river flow and floods. This variability overwhelms any variations in the climatic processes that may be he consequence of human activities.